Expenditures and Revenues Matrix and Summary Essay

Budgets are significant in the budget formulation process. Budgeting as a tool is the make-up of public policy (Smith & Lynch, 2004). Budgets exist at all levels of government, local, state, and federal. When describing revenue sources in public budgeting, it is important to describe the source of revenue, the source of the funding, importance of informed financial decisions, financial analysis tools used, and organizational financial analysis alternatives (University of Phoenix, 2012). What is a Budget? A budget is a plan of allocation of resources to accomplish and organizations’ objectives and goals for a specific amount of time (Ganapati, n.d.). The budget gives a detailed analysis of how an organization will spend and receive money in a fiscal period. Why is a Budget Required? Accountability and prioritization are two reasons for a budget requirement. Accountability refers to the taxation of the public, which means that the government cannot tax more than required for government purposes (Ganapati, n.d.). Prioritization refers to allocating funds and resources to areas that require priority over another area (Ganapati, n.d.). Public Budgets There are different budget cycles at the local, state, and federal levels; however, the major components of any budget, regardless of government level are revenues and expenditures. Revenues Revenues are funds raised through various entities. â€Å"Revenue estimation is very important in local and state government, particularly in the planning and analysis phase because elected leaders must balance their budgets† (Smith & Lynch, 2004, p. 47). Federal Government Revenues Granted, the federal government collects the most amount of tax, state and local governments have more options on taxing. For example, the federal government taxes individual and corporate taxes, manufacturing taxes, social security tax (Federal Insurance Contributions Act, FICA), estate or inheritance tax, and borrowings such as treasury bonds. State Government Revenues State government also receives money through tax revenues as well as other entities. State governments receive money through intergovernmental transfers, individual and corporate taxes, sales taxes, fuel taxes, estate and inheritance taxes, special taxes on items such as alcohol and tobacco, lottery, state bonds, and licenses. Examples of states receiving taxes on licensing include motor vehicles, hunting and fishing, firearms, motor vehicle operators, public utilities. Local Government Revenues Like the federal and state governments, local governments of cities and counties also receive revenues through intergovernmental transfers, local taxes of property and sales tax, local bonds, school districts, businesses, and water management. Local governments differ in review and deciding of budgets. Many local budgets use line item for expenditures and revenues. Expenditures Expenditures are funds for spending on specific programs or capital projects. Expenditures include public programs, capital projects, debt servicing, and administration. Public programs can be education programs, welfare programs, medical programs, environmental programs, and housing programs. Capital projects include construction and reconstruction of highways, sewage, water, utilities, and building costs. Administration includes city and county employees. Decision-Making Managers and administrators today must prepare to make difficult financial decisions. Analytical tools and processes are important in decision-making, planning, control, and analysis of financial budgets. Managers must identify potential financial problems and formulate alternatives (American Management Association, n.d.). Financial Decisions Financial decisions vary depending on size of the organization, needs of the organization, location of the organization, financing options available to the firm (American Management Association, n.d.). Analysis Tools Techniques in financial analysis are significant in the financing and budgeting of an organization include long-term and short-term planning, security of costs and benefits, investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend policies (American Management Association, n.d.). Conclusion Most budget approaches involve time, planning, decision-making, analysis, accountability, and prioritization at the local, state, and federal levels of government. Two major components at each level are revenues and expenditures, which is how each level of government earns and spends money. References American Management Association. (n.d.). Financial decision-making. Retrieved from http://www.flexstudy.com/catalog/schpdf.cfm?coursenum=96088 City of Milwaukee. (2012). Retrieved from http://city.milwaukee.gov/ImageLibrary/User/crystali/2012budget/2012proposedbook.pdf U.S. Department of Justice. (2012). Federal Bureau of Investigation financial report fiscal year 2011. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/2012/a1216.pdf Ganapati, N. (n.d.). Budgeting. Retrieved from http://www2.fiu.edu/~ganapati/3003/budget.html Smith, R. W.; and Lynch, T.D. (2004). Public budgeting in America, (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. (2012). Course design guide. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, AJS522 – Finance and Budgeting in Justice and Security Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. (2010). Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Retrieved from http://dpi.state.wi.us/pb/pdf/combinedfair.pdf

Important Quotes Frankenstein

Important quotes from Frankenstein â€Å"†¦ an enterprise which you have regarded with such evil forebodings. † – RW, P. 7 â€Å"I shall certainly find no friend on the wide ocean,† – RW, P. 11 â€Å"We accordingly brought him back to the deck, and restored him to animation† – RW on VF, P. 14 â€Å"†¦ playful as a summer insect†¦ lively as a bird†¦ the most fragile creature† – VF on E, P. 20 â€Å", the first misfortune of my life occurred – an omen, as it were, of my future misery† – VF, P. 25 â€Å"Thus ended a day memorable to me; it decided my future destiny† – VF on inevitable fate, P. 30 â€Å"†¦ y father had taken the greatest precautions that my mind should be impressed with no supernatural horrors. † – VF on actually having a caring father, also, Gothicism, P. 31 â€Å", I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter† à ¢â‚¬â€œ VF, P. 32 â€Å"†¦ a dreary night†¦ with an anxiety that almost amounted to agony† – VF and the day of creation, his mental state and pathetic fallacy, P. 35 â€Å"†¦ my candle was nearly burnt out† – VF, a metaphor for his sanity, P. 35 â€Å"†¦ he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks† – VF on the monster as a newborn baby, P. 6 â€Å"†¦ one hand was stretched out† – VF on the monster as Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam, P. 36 â€Å"†¦ but I escaped, and rushed down stairs† – VF abandons his baby, his duty, P. 36 â€Å"Oh, save me! save me! † – VF as a damsel in distress, HC is the saviour, save-haven, P. 39 â€Å"†¦ the season contributed greatly to my convalescence† – VF as a Romantic, nature restores health P. 39 â€Å"During the whole of this wretched mockery of justice, I suffered living torture. â₠¬  – VF, the beginning of injustice; brought on simply by himself, P. 54 â€Å"Could the daemon†¦ lso in his hellish sport have betrayed the innocent to death and ignominy. † – VF. It was VF who betrayed the innocent, so surely then he is the daemon? P. 56 â€Å"Justine died; she rested; and I was alive. † – VF; is death better than life at this point? P. 61 â€Å"†¦ deep, dark, death-like solitude† – VF, P. 61 â€Å"I had been the author of unalterable evils† – VF and his inevitable fate, his realised sense of guilt and fault, P. 62 â€Å"The rain depressed me† – VF, pure and simple pathetic fallacy, P. 65 â€Å"†¦ the view of the tremendous and ever-moving glacier†¦ t had then filled me with a sublime ecstasy† – VF on the sublime nature of his setting, P. 66 LINK: â€Å"Infinity has a tendency to fill the mind with that sort of delightful horror† – Edmund B urke, On the Sublime and Beautiful â€Å"†¦ the vast river of ice†¦ their icy and glittering peaks† – VF, a continuation of the sublime, and a reference to Rime, P. 67 LINK: â€Å"The ice was here, the ice was there / The ice was all around† – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner â€Å"All men hate the wretched† – M, proving himself different to humans, P. 7 â€Å"†¦ you, my creator† – M, master/slave distinction, father/son distinction, self-awareness, P. 68 â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel† – M is comparing himself to the devil. Whereas he should have been a perfect being, he became an archetypal fallen angel, like Lucifer for example, P. 68 LINK: â€Å"Awake, arise or be for ever fall’n. † – John Milton, Paradise Lost â€Å"†¦ thy creature, who implores thy goodness and compassion. † – M only needed his creator, his father, to care for him. He was of a good nature, until rejection. P. 8 â€Å"; my soul glowed with love and humanity† – M, until he realised he was not human, P. 68 â€Å"Oh, praise the eternal justice of man! † – M. This brilliantly ironic; the monster has learnt sarcasm, and is using it to condemn VF for wanting to murder him, despite VF accusing the monster of murder. In doing so, the monster mocks the injustice of Justine’s trial, as well as William’s death, P. 69 â€Å"Cursed be the day†¦ in which you first saw light! † – VF. Unlike convention, the symbolism of light here is negative, P. 69 â€Å"I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain. – M has no parent, he learns through trial and error, P. 71 â€Å"†¦ miserable, from the inclemency of the season, and still more from the barbarity of man. † – M, as an unnatural being, has at this point neither nature nor mankind. He is a reject, P. 73 â€Å"It was indeed a paradise, compared to the bleak forest, my former residence† – M, his hovel is a paradise from which he is soon banished, after he gives in to curiosity and tries the ‘forbidden fruit’; talking to humankind, P. 75 â€Å"†¦ when I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained† – M learns guilt, is of a good nature, P. 7 â€Å"I went into the woods, and collected my own food and fuel for the cottage. † – M becomes a parent to the De Lacy family, and furthermore becomes a peasant, P. 79 â€Å"The lady was dressed in a dark suit, and covered with a thick black veil† – M describes Safie as dressing in a Gothic manner, P. 80 â€Å"†¦ her eyes were dark, but gentle† – M, provides alternate view to idea of black symbolising darkness or Gothicism, P. 81 â€Å"And what was I? † – M has no cl ass, has no role in society, P. 83 â€Å"Of what a strange nature is knowledge! – M realises that maybe all that he has learnt is not for the better, P. 83 â€Å"The injustice of his sentence was very flagrant† – M again experiences injustice, grows evermore corrupt, P. 85 â€Å"I can hardly describe to you the effect of these books† – M acquires life-changing books, P. 89 â€Å"†¦ the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures† – M, familiar? M vs. VF, P. 90 â€Å"Like Adam, I was created apparently united by no link to any other being in existence, but†¦ he had come forth from the hands of God a perfect creature, happy and prosperous†¦ I was wretched, helpless and alone. – M links himself to Adam, realises he is not a perfect creature, or a human. He acknowledges his alienation, his loneliness, P. 90 LINK: â€Å"Adam, the goodliest man of men since born his sons† – John Milton, Para dise Lost â€Å"Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition† – M is the fallen angel, P. 90 â€Å"†¦ the hearts of men†¦ are full of brotherly love and charity† – De Lacy, but maybe M isn’t a human brother, he is different, P. 93 â€Å"I am blind, and cannot judge of your countenance, but there is something in your words which persuades me that you are sincere. † – De Lacy.M speaks eloquently, is compassionate (at this point) and cares for the De Lacy family, but on the outside is a monster, P. 94 â€Å"No: from that moment I declared everlasting war against the species† – M is rejected by De Lacy family, P. 95 â€Å"This was then the reward of my benevolence! † – M saves a woman from drowning, and is shot in doing so. Again, it is his appearance, not his intention, that is seen by mankind, P. 99 â€Å"You, my creator, would tear me to pieces† – M, but actually , VF tears the female M to pieces, P. 102 â€Å"Oh! my creator, make me happy† – M, this is the simplest demand to his father/creator, P. 02 â€Å"I do not destroy the lamb and the kid, to glut my appetite; acorns and berries afford me sufficient nourishment† – M; eco-criticism? P. 103 â€Å"; the sun will shine on us as on man, and will ripen our food. † – M. Both Romantic (nature supplying food) and Marxist (all men are equal)? P. 103 â€Å"†¦ with this deadly weight yet hanging around my neck† – VF acknowledges his guilt, but it still exists. Also, has he replaced religion with his actions, and replaced God with himself? P. 108 LINK: â€Å"Instead of the cross, the Albatross / About my neck was hung. – Samuel Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner. â€Å"But in Clerval I saw the image of my former self† – VF. Could it be that Clerval is the innocent, ambitious and excitable VF, and the monster is t he corrupt and miserable VF? P. 113 â€Å", the sight of what is beautiful in nature†¦ could always interest my heart. † – VF was (he is recollecting his childhood, here) a Romantic. Now, he has gone against nature and created something unnatural, P. 114 â€Å"Had I a right†¦ to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations? † – VF suddenly gains a conscience. Was M simply a ‘test-run’?He has learnt his lesson, and he shall now tear up the female M, P. 119 â€Å"Have my murderous machinations deprives you also, my dearest Henry, of life? † – VF, I think we now know who the murderer is, P. 127 â€Å"The peasants were shut up in their hovels† – VF, so was M a peasant? P. 148 â€Å"You have read this strange and terrific story†¦ do you not feel your blood congealed with horror, like that which even now curdles mine? † – RW; so was the story Gothic? P. 151 LINK: â€Å"†¦ one to make the reader dread to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart. – Mary Shelley, on what Frankenstein was intended to be. â€Å"in his murder my crimes are consummated;† – M, upon seeing VF dead, believes justice has been done. He who abandoned him has suffered. P. 158 â€Å"I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion† – M did actually develop fully, though. He was, however, an aborted experiment, P. 160 â€Å"He was soon borne away by the waves, and lost in darkness and distance. † RW, not only is M lost in darkness, but so is the reader. What happens next? Does M really stay by his word? What comes of RW? P. 161

The Other Side of Email

The Other Side of Email Electronic communication has become a part of every aspect of our society and is recognized as being one of the most important and influential aspects of the way we carry out business. The days of anxiously waiting by the mailbox for news from a long distance relative or lover are over. We no longer send cute, labor intensive, hand written letters to relatives, and close ones. Instead, they are sent via e-mails. Email-type technology has made it much easier to contact other people in the same city, and even others around the world. In other words, instead of actually taking the time to write a letter to a friend through the mail, one can send an e-mail that takes about three seconds opposed to three or more days. In the article â€Å"The Other Side of E-Mail,† author Robert Kuttner explains the other side of email and technology, the dark side. Kuttner says that although, technology offers us many conveniences, such as being able to send and receive messages instantly, it brings along many drawbacks, such as privacy infringement. I agree with Kuttner’s thoughts on these downsides of technology. In my opinion, internet and email technology has definitively made our lives easier, but it has put our personal information at risk, significantly limited privacy, and leads to a waste of our time on a daily basis. Kuttner describes several negative effects of messaging technology. First one is that we might waste too much time in the E-mail and our privacy might be compromised. Social networking sites, like Facebook, have gotten users hooked on to the internet as if it were a drug. Almost every person I can think of has a Facebook account now days. A recent survey estimates that more than 85% of all college students use Facebook and more than 30 million users update their status at least once each day. Although, Facebook is a marvelous communicating media, hardly anything gets accomplished there. From personal experience, I have found it to be a massive waste of time that has people from all around the world addicted to it. The new, fancy technology in general is a waste of money and time. College students get caught up in the sweet talks of salesmen, and buy tablets, and other expensive gadgets to allow them to take notes in class etc. however, none of that note taking ever takes place. Most end up playing video games and texting in class, which is a step backward, not forward. Statistics also show that there is a relationship between divorce rates and Facebook, as it conveniently allows couples to stalk one another. Gary Traystman, a divorce attorney in New London, Conn. , said that of the 15 cases he handled in 2011 where co mputer history, texts and emails are admitted as evidence, 70% exclusively involve Facebook. The biggest problem with internet and messaging technology, however, is security. The fact that every bit of information about us is stored on the internet and can easily be stolen is nerve-wracking. Communication sites like Facebook, MySpace have the user’s full name, their date of birth, email ID, and even their phone numbers. All of that information can be accessed with the click of a button. The consequences of that can obviously be extremely dangerous. The internet is also filled with email scammers, and hackers. My uncle was recently scammed via the email. He made an online deal to purchase a car, which turned out to be a scam that took away $15,000 from his bank account. The clever scammer was never caught. That’s just one instance of how upsetting, and demoralizing the internet can be. Email is the main communicating media of the 21st century. When you register for banking or gaming accounts online, or even make online purchases, you are required to enter an E-mail address. If that email account is hacked, which happens frequently, all of your personal information can be stolen. In 2011, Sony’s online gaming servers were hacked, and â€Å"Hackers may have stolen the personal information of 24. 6 million Sony Online Entertainment users†, the company said. More than 20,000 credit card and bank account numbers were also put at risk. † There are many other demoralizing aspects of internet based technology, such as pornography. Children that learn how to use a computer at a young age are introduced to such content at an age that they shouldn’t be. This significantly hinders their future progress and affects their morals. Children adapt a lifestyle of sitting at home, playing with their iPods, Laptops and other internet devices, as opposed to playing sports, spending time with their relatives and family. This has led to a social disaster, especially in the U. S. , where we are so consumed by technology. As final remarks, I believe that the internet and emailing technology have completely revolutionized the world, however, it also led to many serious problems, such as infringement of privacy, wastage of time, and aiding in the leakage of personal information to online hackers. These concerns along with many others make emailing and internet not as divine and marvelous as we may think. Works Cited â€Å"Does Facebook Wreck Marriages? † – Real-Time Advice. N. p. , n. . Web. 31 Oct. 2012. . Haisha, Lisa. â€Å"Is Your Facebook Addiction a Sign of Loneliness? † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 13 Apr. 2010. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Sony Hacked Again; 25 Million Entertainment Users’ Info at Risk. † Wired. com. Conde Nast Digital, 30 Apr. 0011. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Understanding Specific Health and Social Needs Essay

Understanding Specific Health and Social Needs - Essay Example Special populations are groups of people that are assign the duty to assess the youth and treat the youth that show the problem of sexual behavior thereby preventing them from becoming sexual offenders in future. Standard care involves developing a standard care for assessment and treatment of youth and children with sexual behavior problems. Then there is the typology and risk assessment which involves developing a typology of children who sexual abuse through systematic assessment. This help in early detection of the problem in children or youths (Longo, 2003).Then there is the typology and risk assessment which aims to develop a typology for children and youths who have sexual behavior problems. this will help in future to determine such children who may show such problems in the future and thereby helping to avoid sexual abuse and providing help to such children early enough (Longo, 2003).Interventions that are used are specific to certain conditions. If the concern is saving on cost of hospital visitation, then there is the intervention that involves training of family members on how to care for such patients with such conditions and then allowing the patient to stay at home and get such services from family members. in fact, Seattle-king county health homes initiatives depends on community health workers to do home visitations to low income families having children with asthma to provide social support services in an attempt to encourage home care of the patients (Bachrach, Pfister, Wallis, & Lipson, 2014).

Trade and Consumer Protection Law-Unfair Trade Practices Essay

Trade and Consumer Protection Law-Unfair Trade Practices - Essay Example She was also promised class travel by "Gold Class" bus and ferry, along with excellent local guides who could enlighten her about the sites. Additionally, she was compelled to purchase an extra package of 'Lord of the Rings Experience' for $550. She also paid $2000 for single room accommodation. But her tour was a disappointing one due to the following reasons: (a) The information of rescheduling of the Air New Zealand flight was suppressed by Haka Travel Agency, and was not revealed to her, which made her lose 1 night and 1 day of her tour package against the 12 nights and 13 days' tour. This means she was subjected to a pecuniary loss equal to the cost of 1night and 1day. (e) There was also a hidden charge for the "Lord of the Rings' experience. She was forced to pay an extra $150 to the tour guide to see it. And the show was a swindling and lacked the promised entertainment Any advertisement published either in print media or even through other propaganda which involves a customer and product/service provider /corporation /company /government, is a contract between the advertiser and the person/group/company when the latter takes the service of the provider. If the service is not provided as per the advertisement, even the public can sue or take legal proceedings against the advertiser for public interest. If the service is not provided as per the advertisement it amounts to breach of contract and as such there arises a legal issue of breach of contract. In the issue stated and based on the problem the customer can sue against the travel agency. But as per Australian law, the breach of contract is not a criminal case. Here the travel agency has suppressed several facts like their in competency in providing services as they promised in their advertisement. And so she is subjected to pecuniary loss due to their shortages and untimely and unevenly provision of services. Issues of the case: This was the

Case Study_Secondary Ticket Market Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study_Secondary Ticket Market - Case Study Example Whilst the teams earn extra revenue from this practice, the main problem is that tickets that are acquired through bad ways are set to tarnish their image. The success in sport is about creating good reputation so as to be in a position to create mutual understanding with the fans. The other problem is that the tickets sold at secondary markets are overpriced and this is detrimental to the teams involved. This is just as good as parallel market where in some instances the tickets are sold for a premium price while their actual value is far below that. This negatively impacts on the fans though the team owners benefit from this practice because they would be working hand in glove with the â€Å"scalpers.† In other words, some people end up reaping from where they did not sow and this is not good practice in as far as sport and gaming are concerned. The image of the team will be tarnished at the end of day and this is the reason why a team should make sure that opportunists do n ot short change the supporters. In the long run, it can be seen that the team will end up losing credibility as a result of the activities of the secondary ticket sellers who may be bent on fulfilling their selfish interests. When people lose trust in the team, it may not be able to generate more revenue since people may end up shunning it. It is problematic for a team to lose the supporters through unethical conduct by the secondary sellers of the tickets. This task should be performed by the agents employed by the team. Analysis and evaluation of the alternatives In the first place, the problem exists because there are some holders of seasonal tickets who feel that they cannot attend all games. As such they decide to sell these tickets to the secondary markets which will later resell them to the people who may be interested in buying them. Whilst this is not a very bad idea since it entails that the team will generate more revenue from this practice, it can be noted that there are certain problems associated with the whole arrangement. In order to address the loopholes identified above, it is imperative for the respective teams to put control measures that are meant to ensure that all unwanted tickets are sold through their offices. Instead of engaging secondary sellers to perform this particular function, the respective teams should create channels that are meant to ensure that unwanted tickets are sold through their office. However, the only disadvantage of this alternative is that the team may not be able to manage all centers that will be responsible for this exercise across the whole country. The other alternative is that the team involved should harness new information and communication technology such that the fans who want to resell their tickets can do it through its official website. If the team harnesses new information and technology, there are likely chances that the loopholes in the secondary ticketing system are eliminated. It also becomes eas y to communicate with the fans intending to sell their tickets such that there is transparency in all the transactions that may ensue. The major advantage of this method is that the internet is secure and transparency is likely to be enhanced since all transactions can be accounted for. All the ticket holders who feel that they no longer need to go to a particular game should approach the registered agents instead of going to secondary ticket holders

Effectiveness of Medical Honey for Leg Ulceration and Wound Care Literature review

Effectiveness of Medical Honey for Leg Ulceration and Wound Care - Literature review Example These methods of wound care are meant to facilitate recovery and prevent the infection of the wound (Hess, 2004). In instances of prolonged healing, additional and alternative measures of wound care are often considered. One of these methods includes the use of medical honey (Boulton, Cavanaugh, and Rayman, 2006). Medical honey has been considered as an alternative form of therapy in wound management, especially for chronic and diabetic pressure ulcers (Boulton, et.al., 2006). Leg ulcers are common among diabetic patients and with diabetic patients often having prolonged wound healing times, the importance of implementing speedy and effective wound healing methods has become imperative (Shai and Maibach, 2004). The use of medical honey has been recommended by various studies and practitioners, with much support attributed to its use due to its healing and antibacterial properties (Shai and Maibach, 2004). The more traditional practitioners however have not supported the use of medica l honey over and above conventional methods of healing. Studies with contrasting results have been presented on this subject matter. For which reason, this study now seeks to carry out a literature review on studies discussing the use of medical honey for leg ulceration and wound care. ... A conclusion shall also provide a summary of the paper and a discussion on how the results of this study can contribute to the nursing practice. Literature Review Search strategy This literature review is being carried out in order to establish a critical analysis of the current research information on the efficacy of medical honey on leg ulcers and wound care. This literature review shall start through an internet database search of Google Scholar, Cochrane, PubMed, Medline Plus, and CINAHL using the following key words: medical honey leg ulcers; honey leg ulcers; and honey wound healing. The search shall also be narrowed down to a time limit from December 2006 to August 2012. Specific studies which discuss the efficacy of medical honey on leg ulcers and other wounds shall be prioritized and set aside for abstract review. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews, case studies, prospective, and English-language studies shall be used as inclusion criteria for t he literature search. Secondary research studies, retrospective, chart reviews, descriptive, non-English language literature shall be excluded from this review. Those meeting the inclusion criteria shall then be set aside for further review, mostly on authors, publication, reliability, and validity of results. Critical Analysis: Support for the use of honey in leg ulceration Various studies have been carried out on the use of medical honey on leg ulcers and other wounds (Cooper, et.al., 2010). In a study by Molan (2009), the antibacterial qualities of honey in wound care was reviewed. His systematic review discussed the inhibitory impact of honey seen in bacteria which often infect wounds. Based on Moran’s (2011) study, honey was seen to have

A Comparative Study of UK and Pakistan Research Paper

A Comparative Study of UK and Pakistan - Research Paper Example The study explores in great detail various design processes as influenced by globalization, which threaten to blur social, political and economic differences around the world. As such, this is a cross-disciplinary that explores global influences on the connections between culture and context design, media design and industrial designs in the development of textile products that not only meet but exceed global expectations. The paper also examines whether and how the superior design innovation curriculums such as the British may be introduced in Pakistan to bring the country’s technology resources, design ideas and principles up to speed with current and future global demands. The paper critically analyses three primary areas of textile design innovation, namely; culture and context design, industrial designs and media design. Firstly, culture and context design in both the United Kingdom and Pakistan will be analysed to establish the similarities between the two countries and what each country can learn from the other. As such, theories, notions and historical beliefs that influence design innovation within modern academies and studios will be explored in detail. Secondly, the study will explore industrial texture designs in general and how globalization continues to improve design innovation and the knowledge-base of both Pakistani and British. Greater focus will be placed on how the artists come up with textiles that meet the needs of the current and future worlds.

Comparing and Contarasting the Governments of India and Ireland Research Paper

Comparing and Contarasting the Governments of India and Ireland - Research Paper Example Ireland Like India, Republic of Ireland is a sovereign democratic state with a parliamentary form of government. The Cabinet or Executive is known as the government of the Republic of Ireland exercising executive authority in terms of the Irish constitution. The republic is also a member of the European Union. The cabinet or government of the Ireland is seated in its capital city Dublin. 2. Internal structures There are three branches of the government in both India and Ireland, the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. India The constitution provides for a federal government structure with President as the head of the executive of the union. The legislative assembly is the parliament and is the supreme governing body. According to the constitution of India adopted on 26th November 1949, the union parliament consists of a lower and an upper house called the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), respectively. The upper house is comprised of 2 50 elected members, whereas the lower house comprises a total of 550 elected members. The constitution also provides for a Council of Ministers with the prime minister as its head. The president is bound to exercise powers in accordance with the advice of the prime minister. Thus, the executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by a prime minister. ... The Council of ministers along with chief minister as its head is responsible to the state legislative assembly. The seven union territories are administered centrally. Judicial system in India functions independently. The judicial branch of Indian government has a unitary system. The structure of judiciary consists of Supreme Court of India at federal level, High courts of India at the level of the state, and district and session courts in all districts within a state. The Supreme Court comprises 30 associate judges headed by a Chief Justice. These associate judges are appointed by the president on advice of the chief justice of India. The superior courts in India have the power to review laws of state not in conformity with the constitution and invalidate them. The government employs civil servants who are responsible for the implementation of government decisions. Ireland The parliament of the Ireland is called the Oireachtas. Like the Indian parliament, Oireachtas is a bicameral parliament comprised of a lower and an upper house known as the Dail Eireann and Seanad Eireann, respectively. There are 60 members in the upper house and 166 in the lower house. According to the constitution of republic of Ireland, the cabinet must be larger than 7 and smaller than 15 members. Prime minister, called Taoiseach is head of the government who is nominated by the lower house and formally appointed by the president. There is also a deputy prime minister called Tanaiste appointed from members of the government by the prime minister. According to the constitution, only two members can be appointed from the upper house, and Taoiseach, Tanaiste and Minister for Finance must be appointed from the lower house. Other members of the government are called

Professional Associations Membership Assignment

Professional Associations Membership - Assignment Example This assignment is based on the function and future endorsement techniques of NAHC. The National Association for Home Care and Hospice is one of the largest nursing associations in the United States of America. The main function of NAHC is to provide skilled nursing facility to patients after hospital care. Nursing is an important art and it requires enormous knowledge and patient handling skills to achieve success. NAHC mainly takes charge of inpatients after they are discharged from hospitals. The organization is responsible for providing nurses and healthcare tools as prescribed by hospitals. Mostly elder people are the members of NAHC. Implementation of new and advanced technologies has helped the organization to reach new heights. It has been observed that in United States the fall rate of elderly people are high. NAHC will reduce the fall rate at huge extent. NAHC has incorporated orientation tour programs and several other methodologies in order to work smoothly and take care of patients. The organization is large because it consists of many facilities along with healthcare providers. NAHC is also responsible for taking care of pregnant women and children due to involvement of many employees. NAHC is one of the leading homecare nursing organizations. The organization provides some essential benefit to their existing members. First of all, NAHC provides expert advice in just one call. NAHC also provides expert advice from health care laws. The organization provides latest information and complete analysis to providers. The organization provides research methodologies to their existing customers which enhances their working ability. NAHC fights for member’s interest before White House and Congress. For benefit of providers, the organization provides different types of network with their colleagues. Notes are provided along with strategic programs for upgrading the knowledge and making the nursing process

The Odyssey by Homer Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey by Homer Essay In the morning, Nausicaa, daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete, goes with her friends to the river with the laundry and begins to wash and play games. Odysseus wakes up by their noise and, covered in salt and covering up his private parts with a leaf, travels to them. Nausicaas friends run away screaming but Nausicaa stays to listen to what the stranger has to say. Fearing that he may scare her if her were to grab her knees in supplication, Odysseus pleads with her at a distance. Nausicaa respects Odysseus and his fine words and thought and gets her friends to bathe him in the river and to clothe him. In the process, Athene divinely enhances his appearance so that he looks quite like a god. The fact that Nausicaa, without her maidservants and veil the two things that protect her person and reputation in public stays to talk to Odysseus shows her spirit and sturdiness of character. Fearing gossip, Nausicaa tells Odysseus, after inviting him to the palace to meet her parents, to wait in the grove. While there, Odysseus prays to Athene to aid him in his supplication to the king and queen. Book 6 contains an element, which although not scarce in the Odyssey, is certainly very rare in most epic poem: comedy. The comic element is unmistakeable in these scenes. Odysseus embarrassment when making his approach to the girls and right before bathing, as well as the girls terrified reactions to his nakedness, cannot help but elicit a lighter mood in the poems action, which until now had centered solely on the horrible problems faced by Odysseus and his family. Homer uses a simile to describe Odysseus as a lion (used in war situation in the Iliad which demonstrates, in this non-warfare situation that the girls viewed Odysseus as a dangerous and wild beast) and Nausicaa and the other girls as sheep. Here, the ravenous lion, buffeted by the elements but striving onward to state his all-consuming hunger on helpless sheep, is compared to the salt-covered Odysseus, ragged from days at sea, and filled with a hunger of an entirely different nature. The relation of the sheep to the girls can be seen clearly in retrospect when the girls flee before this ominous figure of male sexuality as sheep would flee before a hungry lion. This simile does not serve merely to make us once again pity the poor, travel-beaten Odysseus; it is rather an attempt to lighten the tension filling much of the first five books. BOOK 7 W HEN NAUSICAA AND HER FRIENDS HAD REACHED THE PALACE, Athene, disguised as a young girl, offers to lead Odysseus to the palace and places a magical mist around him rendering him invisible in order to evade rude questioning. Athene tell him that in order to speak to King Alcinous, he must first win favour with Queen Arete. When they reach the palace, Athene leaves and buggers off to Athens. Odysseus admires the fine palace then enters, sees Arete and grabs her knees in supplication. She allows him to see the king, who after removing one of his sons off of a chair so that Odysseus doesnt have to sit in the ash, feats with them and tells them the story of how he came to Phaeacia. The queen notices his Phaeacian clothes and Odysseus tells them about their daughters generosity. As they admire Odysseus and Nausicaa ha refused all other suitors, Alcinous hints at marriage but Odysseus stresses that he wants to go home. He is therefore promised their magic ships to sail home by. The ships can reach any destination and return in a day. Arete and the servants then prepare a bed for Odysseus and sleeps. In Book 7, we see the epitome of a motif that runs throughout the Odyssey: the relationship of host to guest. We saw the kind treatment Telemachus bestowed on Athene when was disguised as Mentes as well as the great hospitality extended to Telemachus by both Nestor and Menelaus. Now it is Odysseus himself who comes as a stranger to a foreign court and must act accordingly. Indeed, the role of a foreign visitor is one that Odysseus knows well, for he has wandered long and far and knows the customary courtesies expected by guests. Contrasted with his seasoned guest, Alcinous, although kind and benevolent as a host, is unused to receiving guests, and is initially unsure of how to react to Odysseus suit. After Odysseus has humbled himself by sitting in a heap of ashes, no one, including Alcinous, knows quite how to act. Finally, an elder named Echeneus, the oldest man of Phaeacia speaks. Echeneus tactfully reminds Alcinous of his duties as a host to a stranger. Once again, it is not Alcinous social grace and magnanimity that is lacking; it is his inexperience with situations of this sort that temporarily holds him back from action. We are also given insight into another motif of the poem: the nature of divine disguise. Alcinous suggests that Odysseus might be a god who has come to test the Phaeacians benevolence towards guests. We have already been told of the gods special love for the Phaeacians, and how the people of Phaeacia themselves are nearly divine. Now we lean that the gods manifest that love by appearing to them not disguised, but in their actual form. This gives us an indication of just how strongly Athene loves Odysseus, for she often converses with him in her pure, undistinguished form. But it is not until Odysseus once again reaches Ithaca that she will be able to do so without fear of Poseidons wrath. Homer, by mixing in some elements of magic (the forever ripe fruit and semi-divine Phaeacians) prepares the reader for the fantasy books. BOOK 17 T ELEMACHUS LEAVES EUMAEUS HUT AND GOES HOME AND IS WARMLY greeted by Eurycleia, maidservants and his mother, Penelope. He tells her to go and pray to the gods while he meets Theclymenus the seer and Peiraeus in the place of assembly. There he tells Peiraeus to hold onto his Spartan treasure until after the conflict with the suitors. Theoclymenus and Telemachus then return to the palace where Theoclymenus reveals a prophecy of Odysseus already being in the city to Penelope over dinner. Odysseus and Eumaeus then head off into the city and meet the traitorous Melanthius who both physically and verbally abuses Odysseus who manages who his peace while Eumaeus tells him off. Unshaken, the goatherd goes off into the palace. Then, as they approach the palace themselves, they see Odysseus old dog Argus is dying on top of dung. The dog wags his tail as he recognises his master after twenty years of separation and then dies. In the palace, Telemachus gives Odysseus a meal and then Athene commands Telemachus disguised father to beg from the suitors. Antinous, who was slightly provoked by Odysseus beggar, throws a footstool at him and Odysseus walks off bitterly and silently. The fact that Antinous did this, and was corrected and doomed by the other suitors, shows that he has no respect for Xenia. Penelope then decides that she wishes to speak to Odysseus as the beggar. Eumaeus, however, tries to dissuade her from this as she has heard so many false tales from men who have falsely claimed to have met Odysseus. Still, she wants to see him. But Odysseus only wants to see her after the suitors have left. She agrees and Eumaeus goes home but is asked by Telemachus to come back to the palace in the morning. Now that Odysseus has appeared before the larger Ithacan community in disguise, there is more room for the dramatic irony that fills many of the verses of The Odyssey. We see this notably during the Melanthius episode. Although Odysseus holds his peace after Melanthius attack, Eumaeus calls upon the gods to return Odysseus to his home so that he can punish the scornful goatherd. Melanthius, a loyal follower of the suitors, knows the power that will be his when Telemachus is eliminated. His own vow, of course, recoils back upon him. Melanthius wishes that Telemachus may suffer death as surely as Odysseus himself has already done so. The irony lies in the fact that Melanthius vow is fulfilled, only not in the way he had intended. Odysseus himself has not died, and is in fact standing right there. Therefore, as surely as Odysseus has not died, so too will Telemachus not die. Melanthius has unwittingly stated the truth. We see a similar use of irony later, after Antinous strikes Odysseus with the footstool. Only this time, no one specifically mentions the long-lost Odysseus. Instead the suitors remark that Antinous did badly to strike the beggar as he could have been a god testing the suitors kindness. Of course, we know Odysseus is not a god. But the gods have indeed disguised him fir the very reason that the suitors suggest: to test them and to see which are righteous and which are malevolent. It is also appropriate that Odysseus disguise makes others liken him once more to a god. Yet this time the situation is reversed. Before, Telemachus thought Odysseus a god for removing his disguise. Now, the suitors consider the possibility due to the lowly appearance of the disguise itself, not because of the majesty with which the gods envelop him when he stands revealed in his true form.

Internet Personal Security Is Not Absolute Essay Example for Free

Internet Personal Security Is Not Absolute Essay Internet is the most trending and most widely used in today’s generation, either it is used for communication, used for sharing files and documents, for making new acquaintances, or just for own enjoyment. People can also use the internet when they want to socialize with others, when they want to share what’s on their mind and the on goings of their lives, when they want to know what the trending topics like news and scandals, or when they want to post some pranks or scum other people. Internet usability can either be a great help to everyone or it can impose a threat to someone or somebody. People think that when they post something online, whether it is good, bad, privately, or publicly, that information is safely sealed and secured. But the truth is, it can be freely access or easily steal from them. Hacking, viruses, trojans, and especially own self are some of the reasons that threaten internet security. Among all of these examples, hacking is on the top list. Even though there are some laws against hacking like the Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, it is not enough assurance to protect the people against hackers and it doesn’t improve the internet security. Changes need to be made in the law to increase internet security, and find and punish cyber criminals. Additional laws to stop cybercriminals and necessary, unenforceable, and could infringe upon interest users rights to privacy and the growth of the internet. The issue here is that the internet security is not that secured for users or for people to rely upon. People can hide their files thoroughly or limit the number of people who can access his or her private account but sooner or later that information will be publish and revealed publicly with or without his or her approval. There are different explanations on why this information once hidden and now visible seen by many people, but the most common reason is that â€Å"your file/ information is being hacked†, it can be an expert hacker or you have been chosen for someone’s prank or hobby. In strict definition of â€Å"hacker†, according to Rouse, M. (October, 2006): â€Å"Hacker is a term for â€Å"a clever programmer† who wanted to break into someone’s computer systems. These are people who enjoy learning details of programming language or system. They want to further their knowledge and skills in a particular computer language. Typically, the hacker is either proficient programmer or engineer with technical knowledge on the weakness and vulnerability of the computer system. (Rouse, M. (October, 2006). Definition: hacker. Search Security. Retrieved on January 23, 2013 from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacker).† Like the given definition, because of the hacker’s hobby of exploring and gaining more knowledge on his preferred programming language, he will not give a care on whose account he is butchering, as long as he increases his understanding and skills on his chosen subject. He will not consider if it is personally- owned or government-owned accounts, as long as it interests him, he will do anything on his power to hack that website. Like for example the issue of hacking some government and civil society websites in the Philippines. According to Kabiling, G. D. (October 2, 2012): â€Å"The Anonymous Philippines (as what the hackers describe theirselves) hacked different government and civil society websites, namely: Police Community Relations Group (PCRG) of the Philippine National Police (PNP), Maritime Industry Authority (Marina), Intellectual Property Office (IPO), and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). The reason for their attacked is to voice out their pr otest and opinions on implementing the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. (Kabiling, G. D. (October 2, 2012). More Gov’t Websites Hacked: Cybercrime law in effect starting Wednesday. Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. Retrieved on January 24, 2013 from http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/375681/more-gov-t-websites-hacked#.UQGDCScUuBw).† There is also a hacking issue on American banks, which according to Staff, R. (September 20, 2012): â€Å"The hacking of websites and corporate networks at Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase Co and Citigroup began in late 2011 and escalated this year. According to one of their sources, the attacks were in response to U.S. sanctions on Iranian banks.† The two issues are both similar and different. It is similar because they reported about different hacker’s interfere someone’s computer system. Different because on the first issue, hacking the government websites, the hackers introduced their group and post the reason why they block the websites and on the second issue, the hacker denied their involvement even though many evidences are pointing towards them. Hacking is the most dangerous hobby. Even though the Philippine government implemented the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, it cannot give assurance on protecting the people. The Philippine government must change this law and focus more on the most problematic cybercrime issues. Government must strengthen the internet security in order to lessen the attacks of the hackers to the innocent people who freely use the internet. And in order to accomplish the changes they must first know why the internet security is absolute? Who are the people affected and can use the internet security? How someone knows if the internet security they use can either be helpful or can trigger harm to them?

Seedling Production Of Mud Crab Scylla Serrata Biology Essay

Seedling Production Of Mud Crab Scylla Serrata Biology Essay Seedling production of mud crab Scylla serrata has the potential to be an effective tool to support the demand of mud crab due depleted seed stock from the wild. Moreover, there is high consumer demand on the global production of mud crab Scylla serrata from 1999 to 2000. Generally, consumer for mud crab Scylla serrata is Chinese communities which particularly at China, Vietnam, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and also Malaysia (Liong, 1993). Further, Malaysia aquaculture only practices a growth out of mud crab until the marketable size. Malaysia is currently in progress to develop mud crab industry by not relying on seed stock from Thailand. The crab production is relatively small about 650 tonnes per year (Liong, 1992). In Malaysia, not many studies have been done on mud crab culture. Studies on the larvae culture by Jamari (1992) shows that the high mortality of the megalopa and crablet stages cause by cannibalism among the larvae. Several studies of rearing mud crab larvae had been reported in Indonesia (Marjono and Arifin ,1993), Philippine (Quinitio, 1997) ,Vietnam (Hoang, 1999) and Japan ( Hamasaki,2002 ) that shows the high percentage of survival rate were 3.2 % , 3.7 % ,24 % and 30%-40%. However, the survival rate is still low ranged from 1% to 30% from zoea to megalopa. Current status In Malaysia, the production of mud crab has been decreased begin 1995 to 2005 (625 tonnes to 162 tonnes). However, the production of mud crab in other countries such as Indonesia, Philippines and china were increased significantly. Recently, the market demand for mud crabs has exceeded wild harvest. Mostly, mud crabs were imported from India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Bangladesh. The present improvised status of mud crab stock in Malaysia is also compounded by other factor. These included a recent increasing interest in soft-shell and growth out mud crab framing .In addition, more conventional culture method were invented such as compact crab farming system for growth out mud crab. Further, this new breeding system has been widely implemented by Perlis state community under the Perlis State Economic Development Corporation. In addition, the most factors that contribute interest to the mud crab culture is due to high demand and fetches a good price compare to other crabs species such as blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). During this time, the price has increased from RM 10.00/kg in 2009 to RM 30.00/kg in 2010 (Khalidah, 2009).It seem that the increasing of mud crab price has encourage many coastal fishing communities to initiate trials in floating cage, in specially designed earthen ponds and more recently in pen enclosures in mangrove forests. Other factor that contributed to increase of mud crab farming is the physical characteristic of mud crab itself which is high tolerance to both nitrate and ammonia. High tolerance is beneficial for mud crab culture due to ammonia is often the most limiting factor on closed aquaculture systems. Their high ammonia tolerance may be attributed to various unique physiological responses which may have arisen due to their habitat preferences (mangrove forest). However, the larval survival is low and need to further investigate using alternative approaches. The first studies of crab seed has been done in Malaysia since 1995 by the Inland Fisheries Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak (Tan, 1997) but the survival rates of megalopa are low. Since there is still no commercial-scale hatchery production of S.serrata, all forms of mud crab culture depend on natural seed supply. Currently, we still do not have any mud crab stock enhancement in Malaysia such as habitat improvement and restocking. However, there are studies has been made by Kosuge(2001) in brief assessment of stock of mud crab Scylla sp. in Matang forest, Malaysia and proposal for resources management. He proposed to the management plan of Matang Mangrove forest by provided separate fishing restrictions area and other indirect effect and basis information for management of mud crab resources. Broodstock management Berried S.serrata female were caught in open sea by using Trawl net. The broodstock were migrated to the shore for their spawning. The broodstock are commonly scrubbed to remove mud, encrusting algae, infestations and detritus before introducing the wild broodstock into the hatchery. Selection of good quality of broodstock has been discussed by several researchers in term of captive spawning pattern, environment manipulation, fecundity, egg size, egg quality, nutritional status, broodstock husbandry and stress and microbial influence. Mating process occur when the female is in soft shelled state just after moulting .While the female in soft shelled, the male of S.serrata were inseminated to the female for mating(Phelan et al,2007). Maturing and spawning in S.serrata species for tropical country shows high incidences of maturation in females appear to be associated with seasonal rain fall. During the spawning, the female mud crab were migrates to the sea to spawn and release their planktotrophic larvae (Vay, 2001). Normally, the duration of eggs to hatch may take 30 to 40 days. Factor that contribute to hatching success are environmental control such as salinity, temperature and photoperiod. Normally, the broodstock were kept in salinity at range of 30-35 g/L for captive maturation and spawning of S.serrata in the hatchery (Mann et al., 1999).Salinity is a one of the factor that can stimulate the hatching rate of mud crab S.serrata. A high hatching rate (93.6 %) of mud crab at salinity of 35 ppt was reported by Rusli et al. (1994) when incubated at water temperature of 29-30 oC. This report also indicated low hatching rate achieved when incubated at salinity 20 ppt to 30 ppt which is hatching rate dropped to 65. 9%-69.6 % .Moreover, Salinity at 15 ppt were lowered the hatching rate (15.2%) and the larvae died within 4 hours after hatching. In the mud crab, egg incubation period is stimulated by temperature in the range of 25 oC and 35 oC. A shorts period of egg incubation of broodstock is 10 days were recorded by Hamasaki (2003) .The temperature were varied seasonally as the broodstock were incubated. Different season has different range of temperature and as increasing temperature in the ranges 20.3-30 oC, the egg incubation period were decreased from 30 day to 10 day. In addition, lower temperature in the range of 18- 22 °C (Mann et al., 1999) has higher hatch rate and larger egg. It seems that temperature can affect the period of egg incubation and hatch rate of mud crab S.serrata. In term of fecundity, mud crab at large size has high fecundity (7.98  ± 1.79 million eggs) with crab size between 146 and 181 mm carapace width (Churchill, 2003).To get a good quality egg ,many factors have been study to determine the egg quality of mud crab. Effect of colour egg and diet were observed by Churchill (2003) to determine a good egg quality. However, the egg colour varies at pale yellow, orange and orange red are not an indicator of egg quality due to indifference of hatch rate. In addition, there is no difference on female size and fecundity was reported on egg quality. Moreover, there have been few studies of diet for mud crab broodstock in effects on larval health and reproductive performance. Millamena et al. (2001) highlighted the importance diet feeding for mud crab broodstock on egg development and larval production. Three difference diets were tested (natural food (mussel and fish), mixed diet (natural food and formulated diet) and formulated diet), each diet is capable to improve maturing and spawning of broodstock mud crab S.serrata. However, Broodstock performance and larval quality were improved when fed with mixed diet. In all treatment, all zoea larvae were successful reared to megalopa when fed mixed diet and the female were ablated. In addition, High fecundity and total zoea were obtained when the female are performed eyes stalked ablation method. Low survival rate of larvae may occur due pathogen and disease from the broodstock. Broodsrtock mud crabs are usually infested with ectoparasite, fouling organism, fungal and bacteria. Leaňo (2002) identified two species of Haliphthoros, namely H. philippinensis and H. milfordensis .Normally, Haliphthoros spp. were founded among broodstock which aborted their eggs prior to hatching. They reported that H. milfordensis was pathogenic to spawned eggs of S.serrata and it was observed the infection rate of H. milfordensis is 2-5 % at two day after inoculation of zoospores with increasing infection rate ( reaching up to 10% ) at five days. While, H. philippinensis is not pathogenic to spawned eggs of S.serrata. Other research on the ectoparasite is Lagenidium. The parasites may infest the recently hatched zoea of mud crab and ended in mass mortality (Prastowo and Wagimsan, 1996) .According to Zafran et al. (1993), Lagenidium grew best at 35oC and tolerated temperatures from 20-40oC and pH from 4 to 11. Fungus can be killed by exposure to 10 ppm formalin for 24 hours and it safe for zoea compare to 20 ppm formalin for 5 hours. To improved survival rate of larval, research on control Lagenidium in mud crab larval rearing has been conducted by Zafran and Taufik (n.d) and Prastowo and Wagiman (1996). Five kinds of fungicide (treflan, malachite green, formalin, potassium permanganate and caltocyn) have been studied in controlling the fungus and their toxicity to mud crab larvae. The minimum effective concentrations of treflan, malachite, formalin and permanganate to inhibit zoospore production were 0.1 ppm, 0.2 ppm 14 ppm and 9 ppm. High survival rate and hatching rate were reported by Prastowo and Wagiman (1996).Healthy zoea were recorded when zoea where treated with mixtures of caltrocyn (1.3 ppm) and treflan (0.02 ppm) in combination with water exchanged at the rate of 50% every three days. Effect of antibiotics (Penicillin G and Polymixin-B) in feeding treatments (rotifers and Artemia nauplii) has been tested by Kasry (1986).From his experiment, Kasry (1986) found that higher larval survival (52.1 %) at zoea 5 were obtained when the larval fed with combination of antibiotics (35 ppt Penicillin G and 7 ppm Polymixin-B), rotifer and artemia at density of 15 individual per ml. Previous studies on the luminescent vibriosis were originally reported in culture shrimp (Penaeus vannamei larvae).It is also a devastating disease in crab larvae. The experiment on the vibrios to zoea of mud crab were reported by Parenrengi et al (1993).They conclude that V. catch, V. alginolyticus and V. Parahaemolyticus are pathogenic to zoea but considered moderate compared to V.harveyii (Boer et al. ,1993; Parenrengi et al.,1993). It seems that zoea is very sensitive to luminous bacteria and it may contribute to the high mortality during early larval stage. Larval rearing Several studies were done in various aspects such as feed, stocking density, feeding protocol, disease and cannibalism to improve the survival of mud crab larvae. Moreover, others species of crab such as Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in China (Zhang et al. ,1998; Li et al. ,2001), and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in Chesapeake Bay (Secor et al. ,2002; Zmora et al. ,2005) has been successful culture at the hatchery scale. Studies on the hatchery scale larval cultures of mud crab were conducted extensively by Australia country begin 1992. Seed stock of mud crab in Australia is dependent on hatchery while the wild seed stock is banned under their management plan in order to control mud crab fisheries. Low survival of mud crab larvae cultures for zoea to megalopa were recorded by Quitino (2001), Fortes (1999) and Nguyen Co Thach (1997) and had survival rate of 10%, 25 % and 1.5% respectively. Feeding and nutrition During the growth and moulting of mud crab larvae, the larvae are going through 5 zoea stages from zoea 1 to zoea 5 and metaphases to megalopa and crablet (Phelan et al., 2007). The hatched larvae leads a planktonic life and when they moult to megalopa stage, they migrated to the estuarine area and grow into adult in estuaries as a benthic juveniles (Vay,2001) .Moreover, early zoea stage shows the digestive system is not well develop and lack of enzyme to support the process of breakdown of food particle (Kumlu, 1999). The early zoea is 1 mm long (Phelan et al., 2007) and occupied with forked tail. The forked tail of larvae is used to capture food and transfer to their mouth (Zeng et al., 1991). During the megalopa stage, the pincher are developed and this development can causes the increasing of cannibalism by grasping among the larvae as survival rate is low (1.55-8%) recorded by Quinitio et al. (2004). Effects of feed and feeding on growth and survival of mud crab larvae have been tested by  several researchers. Yunus (1992) and Wang (2005) found that a higher density of rotifer at 60 ind/mL and 40 ind/ml are required to attain higher survival rates. A study on early feeding has been tested by several researchers such as live Artemia, cryst Artemia, copepod and rotifer. They found that, the early larval stage (Z1 and Z2) were physically weak to search food comparing to Z3, Z4, Z5 and megalopa due to physically active searching food. Currently, survival rate during Z1 and Z2 were improved when larvae fed rotifer. Further, decapsulated cyst of Artemia were tested by Jerome et al. (2005) to improve survival larval at early stage but the result were reported poorly. It seem that a high mortality at Z1 and Z2 due to unsuitable diet size where the size of SS type rotifer (147 ±11  µm) is bigger than size of the mouth opening of Z1 (100  µm) (Setyadi et al. ,n.d). Instead of live feed, there is a development of microbound diets for larval culture of mud crab S.serrata. Currently, the research on the nutritional requirements of S.serrata is limited. May-halen et al. (2006) tested three different microbound diets (fish meal, dried rotifer and dried artemia).The survival rate of megalopa to crablet stage showing lower survival those fed microbound containing dries rotifer and dried Artemia compare to microbound containing fish meal or squid (46.7% to 60.0%). The highest survival of megalopa to crablet was fed live Artemia (80%).Other studies on microboud diet were tested from zoea 3 to zoea 5, a high survival rate and development rate at the zoea 3 to zoea 5 stage (66%) were recorded for larvae fed the 50%:50% combination of microbound diet and Artemia from his experiment .They concluded that the microbound diet particle has a great potential for both zoea and megalopa diet and it is cost-effective for seedling production of mud crab S.serrata. Another factor that contributes to mortality in mud crab larva culture is due to poor nutritional, especially in highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in live food and cannibalism among megalopa and crablet (Truong, 2008). A study conducted by Suprayudi (2004) showed that the effects of Artemia enriched with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on survival and occurrence of molting failure in megalop larvae .The larvae were fed enriched Artemia with different type of oil. Enriched Artemia appears to be superior to unenriched Artemia. High survival of larvae can be maintained and accelerating intermolt by provided an optimum EPA and DHA at 0.71-0.87% and 0.49-0.72% for larvae feeding. Further, the finding result on the level of EPA and DHA for survival larval were supported by Mann et al. (2001) as his found there were no significant improvement in larval survival as the mud crab larvae fed enriched Artemia at the levels of EPA (39 mg/g) and DHA (15 mg/g) .Moreover , Mann et al. (2001) found that the phospholipid is one of the nutritional component need to study in effect of survival of mud crab larval .Currently ,there are no study on phospholipid in the diet of mud crab larvae. Another report by Suprayudi et al. (2002) where indicated that survival rate of S.serrata increase with the increase of the total (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acid (ÃŽ £ (n-3) HUFA) content of rotifers. From his experiment, Suprayudi et al. (2002) found that the total (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acid (ÃŽ £ (n-3) HUFA) in rotifer can be increase from 3-5 mg/g to 7.6-8 mg/g. In term of survival for each larval stage, Suprayudi et al.(2002) found that high mortality through the moult to megalopa to first crab were recorded after fed boosted rotifer at 31 mg/g ÃŽ £(n-3) HUFA. Other research on the boosted rotifer indicated that a high mortality at metamorphosis to megalopa with fed boosted rotifer containing ÃŽ £(n-3) HUFA levels above 6 mg/g(Hamasaki et al. ,2002 ) .It seem that the specific (n-3) HUFAs may be more important for growth mud crab of mud crab larvae To improve survival rate of zoea and larvae nutrition, Suprayudi et al. (2004) examined the effect of essential fatty acids (EFA) on the survival, development and bioconversion of fatty acids in mud crab S.serrata larvae. From his experiment, he found that the content of EFA in Artemia were strongly influenced the survival of mud crab larvae compared to rotifers. They found that EFA deficiency were reported at each larvae fed unenriched Artemia, enriched Artemia and enriched rotifer, indicating that DHA was superior to that of EPA. They conclude that mud crab larvae have a limited or negligible capability to convert C18 unsaturated fatty acids to highly unsaturated fatty acids. Disease of mud crab larvae Bacteria infestations are major problem for rearing larvae and contribute high mortality. Studies on the bacteria profile in rearing water with Scylla serrata larvae was noted high mortality from zoea 5 to megalopa due to the increase in luminescent bacterial load in the larvae (Quitino, 2001). Further, protozoa can contribute high mortality during egg and larval stages. This protozoon has an ability to interfere with gas exchange that blocked respiratory surfaces of the egg and larvae (Lavilla-Pitogo et al., 2004). Although these organisms do not invade the underlying tissues, they make it difficult for the affected larvae to move and to feed. Cannibalism Cannibalism behaviour of mud crab larvae indicated high mortality when metamorphosis from megalopa and crablet stage. Study by Juliana (1999) showed that high survival at crablet stage when reared with mud substrate and without shelter. Crablet were tested with different treatment such as coconut leave, mangrove twigs and mud substrate. In addition, asynchronous moulting of mud crab larvae is a one of the factor that contributed to the increased mortality during zoea 4 and zoea 5 (Quinitio, 2001). Water quality parameter The optimal condition in rearing mud crab larvae has been conducted in China, Vietnam, South Africa and Australia. Parameters that have been studies are temperature, salinity and total ammonia. The early larvae has a ability to tolerate with range temperature between 25 oC to 30 oC but shorten their development time when reared at a upper temperature ( 29-30 oC) (Dat ,1999; Li et al. ,1999; Quinitio et al. ,1999; Mann et al. ,2001; Quinitio et al. ,2001). In addition, the highest survival rate and growth rate were recorded when the larval reared at higher temperature ranged 28.5 oC to 31 oC and the minimum were recorded when the larval reared at low temperature ranged 22-24 oC (Marichamy, n.d). The optimal salinity for all larval stages larvae are 27 ppt to 31 ppt (Gui-Zhong, 2005).Other experiment on the optimal salinity for larval rearing was observed by Marichamy (n.d).From his experiment, he found that the optimal salinity for larvae rearing was 35 ppt with the highest production of larval and poor survival when reared at the lower salinity (32-33 ppt).However, high salinity at 36 ppt were not suitable for larval growth. To improve survival of zoea, Baylon (2001) were investigated the effect of salinity on survival and metamorphosis from zoea to Megalopa of the mud crab S.serrata. Each of larval stages (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z5) of Scylla Serrata was tested with different salinity (12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 ppt) and different salinity regime. In all treatment, highest metamorphosis to megalopa occurred where salinity was constant at 32 ppt. Further, there is no significant difference on the duration of development of the surviving larvae in all salinity regimes. Other factor that contributes to high mortality is ammonia. However, there is a few research has been conducted on the ammonia tolerance in mud crab larvae. Churchill (2003) tested concentrations of total ammonia ranged (NH3 and NH4 +) ranged from 25 ppm to 450 ppm at 25 ppm intervals. They concluded that S.serrata larvae are highly tolerated with high levels of nitrogenous waste. From the stress test ammonia, the optimum concentrations of total ammonia for zoea mud crab are 20 and 30 mg/l where the zoea activity was remained normal during total ammonia test. Currently, there is no research has been conducted on the tolerance of Scylla larvae to extremes in pH and oxygen concentration. Culture systems Attempt to develop techniques for mud crab (S.serrata larvae) culture system has been made since 1999. Most of the culture systems were adapted from culture shrimp (Penaeus vannamei larvae) system. Currently, there are three different culture system have been used in larvae rearing ranged from exchanged of water system, mesocosm system and green water culture system. To control water quality during the larvae rearing, exchanged of water were done by either a constant flow-through basis, or by draining or siphoning 50-85% of the tank volume daily and replacing it with clean seawater, or by recirculation a biofilter (100% every 2-3 hours) (Nghia et al. 2001).Under green water culture system ,the water were not exchanged for the first three day .Thereafter, water exchange is slowly increased from 10-20% per day for Z2-Z3 to between 40 and 50% per day at the end of the rearing cycle (Z4-M) (Mann et al. ,1999 ;Quinitio et al. ,2001). For the mass culture,mesocosm system has been used in Japan where the tank are partially filled with green-water at Z1 (20-25% volume. As the larvae metamorphosis to Z2 and Z3 stages, clean seawater were used instead of green water and the water exchanged on flow-through basis (Hamasaki et al., 2002) during the Z4 and M stages. To improve water quality on the bottom of tank, dead larvae and uneaten food that accumulate on the tank bottom are daily siphoned out of rearing vessels (Quinitio et al., 2001; Baylon and Failaman, 2001) and care must be taken to avoid siphoning out larvae which have sunk to the bottom of the container. Another problem during larvae rearing is a development of biofilm on tank sides .A high survival were achieved when the biofilm was removed daily (Williams et al., 1998).In addition, improper cleaning the biofilm can release large amounts of bacterial flock into the water column. Green water culture system is functioned by provide the larvae with microalgae such as Tetraselmis, Skeletonema, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, Chaetoceros and Isochrysis at densities ranging from 5104 to 5105 cells/ml (Djunaidah, et al. ,1998; Dat ,1999; Mann et al. ,1999; Williams et al. ,1999; Zeng and Li ,1999; Mann et al. ,2001; Quinitio et al. ,2001) in order to increases survival and to serve as food for rotifers and Artemia. However, there is not scientific study on the effect of background algae on larval survival and growth of mud crab S.serrata. Basically, the mud crabs inhabit a turbid estuaries and it seems to require phase. However, there is no significant effect on survival between 12 and 18 hour photoperiods (Nghia et al. ,2001).Further, there is a experiment on the effect of tank colour (black, dark green, maroon, sky blue and white) on larval survival and development of mud crab Scylla serrata .From his experiment, Abed Golam et al.(2005) found that a higher survival and shorter development of zoea were recorded in darker colour background compare to white background .Moreover, the larvae where reared with black background have more efficient feeding as reduced settlement on the bottom of rearing tank. They concluded that background colour was significantly affecting larval survival.

Handling Stress Essay -- essays research papers

Handling Stress This essay is about handling the stress of University studies. We will be looking into many ideas and different people ¹s views on how to handle stress. I will also be giving my own opinions on how I think stress can be controlled or relieved. The first thing we must do is ask ourselves one very important question,  ³what is stress ²? WHAT IS STRESS? According to an Australian born physician, Hans Selye (1979), stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. The body responds in many ways. One is to the loss of blood and the other is to the lack of sleep. Both of these are nonspecific responses, however all demands made on the body evoke generalised, nonspecific responses. For example, they all unable you to concentrate as would normally be expected, they activate one ¹s sympathetic nervous system, and they also increase the amount of the hormone epinephrine that is being released into your body. When people say they ¹ve been under going alot of stress they are usually referring to a couple of unpleasant experiences. Now that we have an idea on what stress is the next question we should ask ourselves is  ³what is or can cause stress ². CAUSES OF STRESS There are many different things that cause stress. One may be if you have a big term paper due and you want to do your best to impress your seminar leader. Another may be peer or family related. All in all it is things, events, situations, and people that cause stress. It is how we perceive them that will determine whether or not stress will be a result from the encounter. Not only negative situations are the cause of stress. Joy and happiness can also cause stress even though they are positive. In a sense, it is we then who choose our own stressors. Selye noted that with the absence of stress there is death. Current researchers are also discovering that too little stress may be a major cause of depression or boredom. It is therefore up to us to choose the best Handling Stress # stressors and the optimal level of stress. Since we have now begun to understand the definition of stress as well as the causes we now ask ourselves  ³what can I do to control my stress ²? CONTROLLING STRESS There have been many studies done on the managements of stress. One group of researchers found out that many university students tended to gain weight their first year away from home. These  ³... ...e as some are for one ¹s emotional well being. There are even some that help with both. All in all stress seems to occur depending on one ¹s perception of events, people, and daily things for stress occurs on different occasions for different people. Handling Stress # REFERENCES Adams, J.D. (1980). Understanding and Managing Stress, San Diego: University Associates. Kalat, J.W. (1993). Introduction to Psychology: third edition. Pacific Grone: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Pfeifer, J.E., and Ogloff, J.R.P. (1990). Making the Grade:Strategies for Succeeding at University. Lincoln: JEP and JRPO Rathbone, J.L. (1969). Relaxation. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. Rhines, K.L. (1985). Stress and Disease. Pleasantville: Human Relations Media Inc. Romano, J.L. (1984). Stress Management and Wellness: Reaching beyond the counselor ¹s office. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 62 (9), 533-537. Ross, J. (1993). The Original Student Calendar, Winlaw: Polestar Calendars Ltd. Williams, J.M., Decker, T.W., Libassi, A. (1983), The impact of stress management training on the academic performance of low-achieving college students. Journal of College Student Personnel, 24 (6), 491-494. Word Count: 2062

The Tormented Genius of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Literary Analysis

It has been said that one cannot be truly great till they have experienced hardship. This, perhaps, is the reason that Edgar Allan Poe is thought to be one of the greatest story tellers in all of history. His life was not sprinkled with tragedy, but completely drowned in it. From the beginning of Poe’s life till the very end, he was, according to The Haunted Man by Phillip Lindsay, â€Å"born to live in nightmares† and that Poe’s life â€Å"might [as] well have been one of [Poe’s] own creations (Lindsay 2).† Death, hardship, and betrayal followed him wherever he travelled, causing him to become a depressed alcoholic along the way. It is widely believed by literary critics that â€Å"had he not been this tortured creature seeking a coffin for a bridal-couch he would not have written the extraordinary and sometimes great tales that he did write (Lindsay 2).† Poe’s traumatic experiences with death, disease, and the people around him helpe d to shape two of his most famous stories: â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† In Poe’s story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, the characters cannot escape death, no matter how hard they try, in the same way that Poe and the people he loved could not escape. In the story, the prince Prospero’s kingdom is overwhelmed with â€Å"the red death†, much like Poe’s life was ravaged by tuberculosis. The prince attempts to lock out the disease by hiding away in his castle, avoiding it for several months, only to still be claimed by it at the end, brought in by an unwelcomed guest. Likewise, When Poe’s wife Virginia was in the worst of her sickness, they moved, hiding away in warmer weather with the vain hope that she would somehow survive. The red death is a disease much like tuberculosis in its sy... ....'" Literature Resource Center. Studies in Short Fiction 30.2, 1993. Web. Hutchisson, James M. Poe. Jackson: University of Mississippi, 2005. Print. Kalasky, Ed. Drew. The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe. Vol. 22. Literature Criticism Online. Web. Lawrence, D.H. "The Fall of the House of Usher." Short Story Criticism. Vol. 22. 289-93. Literature Criticism Online. Web. Lindsay, Philip. The Haunted Man; a Portrait of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Philosophical Library, 1954. Print. May, Charles E. Edgar Allan Po: A Study of the Short Fiction. Vol. 28. New York: Twayne, 1991. Print. Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction Ser. Patterson, R. "Once upon a Midnight Dreary: The Life and Addictions of Edgar Allan Poe." CMAJ.JAMC. 15 Oct. 1992. Web. Poe, Edgar Allan, and Philip Van Doren Stern. The Portable Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Penguin, 1973. Print.

Caged Beauty in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

In the early nineteenth century, women were measured as second-class citizens whose existence was narrowed down to the interior life of the home and the care of them children. After marriage, they did not have any rights to own property, maintain their wages, or sign a contract, and were unable to vote. It was expected that women be dutiful wives, never to hold a thought or opinion independent of their husbands. It was also considered inappropriate for women to travel alone or to speak in public. Women were also taught to cease from pursuing any serious education. Silently floating in their cages, they were seen as merely objects of beauty, and were looked upon as intellectually and physically substandard to men. However, among these simple housekeepers are social reformers, wonderful mothers, and powerful women of faith who changed the world by changing their own. In To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee, little Scout is nurtured throughout her whole life by her only parent, her father. Without a mother by her side to teach her the manners, Scout, instead of wearing dresses and learning to behave like a lady at her age, wears overalls, fights, and learns to use foul language. The most significant role a woman must carry is the responsibility of being a mother. A traditional mother is often defined as a loving woman, giving her child tender caresses, guiding it throughout the early years of its upbringing and teaching it right from wrong. Mothers living today, who are creating their mark, make a difference in the world everyday. As we highlight the role of the mother, this is not to say that the father is not important or is less important. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Scout’s father, Atticus nurtures her and her brother alone as a single parent. Atticus Finch, a lawyer and devoted father, is an intelligent man whose knowledge, consistency, and ability to see past the ill in people are what make him respected by everyone. He is a good role model and proper guide towards his children and is devoted to bringing them up right despite criticism from his family and neighbors saying that they lack discipline and proper guidance. But as the story goes on, it is shown that this isn’t true at all. Scout and Jem seem to learn more about socially succeeding and being a good person in general from Atticus than anywhere else.

Marketing Communication McDonalds

McDonald's Corporation is the world's largest fast food chain, selling primarily hamburgers, chicken, french fries and carbonated drinks; and more recently salads, fruit and carrot sticks. The business was founded in 1940 with a restaurant opened by siblings Dick and Mac McDonald. It was their introduction of the â€Å"Speedee Service System† in 1948 that established the principles of the fast-food restaurant. However, the company today dates its â€Å"founding† to the opening of CEO Ray Kroc's first franchised restaurant, the company's ninth, in 1955. He opened his first McDonald's in Des Plaines, Illinois in April 1955 (Wikipedia).McDonald’s is one of the world’s largest brand for a reason. They take marketing communications seriously. McDonald’s spends billions of dollars with outside advertising and promotional agencies to communicate to its customers. According to Allison Perlik (2005), McDonald’s relies highly on targeted advertising an d marketing communications and this is a central reason it is one of the world’s best-known brands. San Francisco-based researcher Interbrand ranked it 7th among the 100 most powerful brands in the world last year. It values the McDonald’s brand at $25 billion, up 1% (and up one notch in the ranking) from 2003 thanks to the chain’s sales rebound (Perlik, 2005).McDonald’s has had its deepest impact as a marketer has been through the variety of its messages to consumers. Larry Light’s (McDonald’s Global Marketing Officer) term for the company’s marketing strategy is â€Å"brand journalism† which means telling different stories to several demographic groups through a variety of media, while ensuring that all those communications reinforce a single brand image. For decades, McDonald’s has simultaneously addressed kids, teens,Marketing Communication McDonalds  adults, moms, parents, grandparents, African Americans, Latinos, Asians and others with marketing meant to connect the brand with people’s lives (Perlik, 2005).The most recent campaign the fastfood giant deployed is i'm lovin' it. According to Wikepedia, this is an international branding campaign by primarily aimed at people aged 15-24. It was created by Heye & Partner, a longtime McDonald's agency based in Unterhaching, Germany, near Munich, and a member of the DDB Worldwide Communications Group, Inc. It was the company's first global advertising campaign and was launched in Munich, Germany on September 2, 2003, under the German title ich liebe es.The English part of the campaign was launched on September 29, 2003 with the music of Tom Batoy and Franco Tortora (Mona Davis Music) and vocals by Justin Timberlake in which the slogan appears used in many of the introductory spots. The campaign is proving to be successful as it is being popularly used around the globe.Another strategy the company has been carrying out is â€Å"standardizatio n†. This means replicating its menu and look across the world. But the truth is that there always has been a restlessness at McDonald’s, leading it to explore variations in both menu and building style. It started in the 1960s when Ray Kroc began installing outdoor seating in new units, transforming what had been a drive-in concept to a restaurant.Indoor seating, drive-thru windows, play areas for kids and other modifications followed. Limited-menu kiosks under such names as McSnack Spot, McTreat Spot and McStop have been tested with varying success. In the last 15 years, changes in consumer eating habits and in the restaurant industry have led McDonald’s to test some radical departures from its standard design (Perlik, 2005).Marketing Communication McDonaldsThe span of McDonald’s target market is very wide. As mentioned above, McDonald’s reaches different age brackets through the use of â€Å"brand journalism†. For instance, they had a tagli ne â€Å"You need a Break†. This is intended for adults who are busy working and are looking for a happy time, and McDonald’s delivers that. There are a number of reasons why people love McDonald’s and why they have served millions of burgers to millions of people. It could be that people still want their food fast and instantly, without sacrificing the taste, and at the same time, having fun. For the kids, they love the characters and definitely, the happy meal. This toy inside a meal is one of the most successful promotional strategies of McDonald’s.Its competitors like Carl's Jr. and Burger King have directed advertising towards a different demographic – young teenage and college-age men – with trendy, often sexualised, imagery and messages that target men's supposed desire for large, meat-filled burgers and rich, satisfying food. In 2005, for example, Carl's Jr. debuted a controversial ad featuring a bikini-clad Paris Hilton writhing sen suously on an expensive Bentley luxury car while enjoying a large burger. The ad provoked outrage from a number of groups, but Carl's Jr. sales climbed impressively (Wikipedia).Others may try but no one beats McDonald’s in being able to serve both kids and adults. The company, unlike Carl’s Jr. and Burger King, need not choose which specific market to serve. However, the culture of healthy eating is becoming a threat to fast food chains, even our giant McDonald’s. All of a sudden the country has gone into ‘health’ overdrive. The government published a White Paper called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Choosing Health†, that revealed their plans to invest money into better advertising campaigns promoting healthy eating in children. Unsurprisingly, Z-lists celebrities jumped on the band wagon and have either released a book or a workout video (Goldie, 2006). Goldie adds that as a result of this ongoing obesity debate, McDonald's and the fast-foodMarketing Communicati on McDonalds  industry as a whole saw itself on the receiving end of negative publicity and suffered major criticism for providing unhealthy food. 2004 was the first year McDonald's announced a loss in profits, coinciding with the release of the film documentary â€Å"Super Size Me† in July. The film follows the journey of Morgan Spurlock, who set out to discover the implications of eating nothing but Maccy D's for a whole month, following three rules: he could only eat what was available, no super-sizing unless offered, and he had to eat every item on the menu at least once.Although the healthy eating trend is posing a threat to McDonald’s, Ronald and his friends are here to stay. I believe that McDonald’s marketing communications spears through this trend and reaches the hearts and palettes of millions of kids and adults worldwide through their campaigns. McDonald’s successfully gives us a reason every now and then why we should go there and bring our kids with us. It is not only food that people love in McDonald’s but the culture, feeling, and happiness that it has seeded for the past 50 years in millions of kids and kids at heart.Bibliography:Perlik, A 2005, ‘Redefining McDonald's’, Rimag.com, viewed 12 December 2006, < http://www.rimag.com/archives/2005/03a/design.asp>.Perlik, A 2005, ‘McDonald's 50th: Marketing’, Rimag.com, viewed 12 December 2006, < http://www.rimag.com/archives/2005/03a/marketing.asp>.Goldie, C 2004, ‘McDonalds, healthy eating, and the Happy Meal of the future’, Public Sphere, 12 December 2006, .‘McDonalds’, Wikipedia, 12 December 2006, .‘Im lovin it’, Wikipedia, 12 December 2006,

Muhammad Ali: Hero or Villain? Essay

Muhammad Ali will be remembered long after his death. Considered by many to be the greatest boxer ever to step in the squared circle, Ali was blessed with the speed, power and stamina to become the world’s heavyweight champion. Ali was also no stranger to controversy throughout his career as many have praised him for his actions whilst many have criticised and condemned him. Ali, even over twenty years after his retirement from the sport that gave him fame, he is still one of the most recognised figures in the world today. Countless books, articles, documentaries as well as blockbuster films have featured the great boxer. The fact that Ali will be remembered is undisputed. How he is remembered varies greatly. Some view Ali as a great champion not only inside but also outside the ring. Other views see Ali as an arrogant, unpatriotic, outspoken racist. The different views create an historical debate, which is affected greatly by context. In the case of Muhammad Ali, the responder witnesses how traditionally he was mostly viewed from a very negative perspective but in a contemporary society he is now seen, by the majority, in a positive light. These conflicting views can be seen through a number of historical texts and how they interpret events and areas of Muhammad Ali’s life. Through analysing these texts as well as the events in Ali’s life this essay discusses and decides whether Ali truly is a hero or villain. Muhammad Ali was born as Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky. As a young boy Clay was always more interested in boxing than his studies. This passion for boxing began when Ali’s bike was stolen as a young teenager. Clay reported the crime to a policeman who referred him to boxing trainer Fred Stoner. This would be the beginning of Clay’s passion for the sport that brought him to prominence. Clay became a star boxer during his high school days, where Ali won 6 Kentucky championships, 2 national Golden Glove championships and 2 Amateur Union championships. From this Cassius Clay went on to win a gold medal, representing USA, in the 1960 Rome Olympics in the light-heavyweight division. Clay had established himself as an American hero. Clay on return to the United States turned professional and successfully  began to rise through the ranks. Clay soon fought Archie Moore to be #1 contender to Sonny Liston’s world title. Over 16,000 fans paid money â€Å"in hopes of seeing Archie Moore button the brash kid’s lips†. They were disappointed as the young boxer went on to defeat Moore with ease. Ali was on his way to his world title bout with Sonny Liston. Promoter Bill McDonald briefly cancelled the Clay-Liston fight, as concerns grew over Clay’s safety as well as the saleability of the fight. Clay, in reality Cassius X due to his belief that Clay was his ‘slave’ name, had affiliations with  Malcolm X and the anti-white Black Muslims. This was already seeping into the news but the scheduled fight still went ahead despite concerns. On February 25, 1964, Clay took the title from Liston as the public was stunned. The public was even more stunned as Clay announced his conversion to Islam. Cassius was soon renamed Muhammad Ali by the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad. Whilst the newly named Muhammad Ali seemed convinced of the righteousness of his cause, few at the time accepted the religious message of the Nation of Islam. Its racial rhetoric, preposing radical if not violent solutions to domination by white people, betrayed hatred that in turn provoked widespread hostility against its leaders and followers. This went against American values and extreme measures would be taken to recapture the title from the hands of the Black Muslims. This worried ‘White America’ along with the growing strength of the Civil Rights Movement. History as recorded by the sportswriters of the time would have us believe that, in February of 1964, Islam itself struck a blow against the character and sanctity of America. As a result of Ali’s conversion to Islam the WBA threatened to strip him of his title for what they considered â€Å"conduct detrimental to the spirit of boxing†. In March 1964 the WBA stripped Ali of his title for a brief period of time. The majority of the media and public of the time due to their opinion of Ali being a racist viewed this positively. However the Senator of Georgia, Richard Russell was highly critical of the WBA’s decision. Russell believed the decision and the acceptance of it as evidence of â€Å"the grip of  intolerance on this country†. The fact that Ali was being discussed in the senate was evidence that the heavyweight title was an instrument of symbolic power beyond the sport. Ali’s conversion to Islam and becoming a member of the Black Muslims is one of the events in his life in which there is much conjecture. This event is still debated in today’s society as to whether Ali was a racist. The Black Muslims and Nation of Islam had a poor reputation due to their image of hatred that solidified by Mike Wallace’s documentary â€Å"The Hate That Hate Produced† (1959). This however may have been unfair as they were trying to change their image to a new, economically orientated, more religious Nation of Islam. Their religious and believed potentially violent values, compounded by the social context of the era led to the huge push to rid Ali of his title. Some believed that Malcolm X negatively influenced Ali whilst others believed that Ali had simply hidden his true feelings of racial anxiety from the public. The Michael Mann film, â€Å"Ali† (2001), doesn’t show the supposed violent beliefs of the Black Muslims and Nation of Islam but briefly features Malcolm X’s violent standpoint. Malcolm X was soon out of favour with the Nation of Islam with comments about the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Despite being good friends with Malcolm, Ali supported the party’s view. This pivotal moment in Ali’s life is essential in analysing who Ali really is, villain or hero. The WBA were without the support of various athletic commissions and reinstated Ali with his title. The popular opinion was that the heavyweight champ shouldn’t be preaching what was considered a â€Å"hate religion†. Ali’s popularity nose-dived. The nation was intolerant of Ali’s religious beliefs as many continued to call him Clay and the bid to find a champion with â€Å"American† values continued. Floyd Patterson arrived as a suitable candidate to take the title off the unpopular Ali. Whilst Patterson talked a good fight he was no match for Ali who was in his prime. Patterson liked many others showed a lack of respect for Ali and his religion by refusing to name him by his correct name. As is discussed in the documentary series â€Å"Muhammad Ali: The Whole Story†, many believed Ali had tortured Patterson for twelve rounds, but the documentary comes to the conclusion, as Howard Cosell does  that Ali â€Å"carried† Patterson out of admiration for the former champion. Most people at the time did believe Ali kept Patterson in the ring out of spite, which added to the negative profile that the majority of the public held of him. During Ali’s prime years as a fighter, America was battling communism and was doing so in the Vietnam War. In 1963, at a time when Ali was largely considered charmingly obnoxious, he had been classified 1-Y for draft purposes – mentally incompetent to serve in the armed forces. However, in February 1967, Ali was reclassified by the Selective Service, making him draft eligible for Vietnam with 1-A status. The government sought to have him imitate the role Joe Louis played in World War II supporting and serving in the war. Ali refused entry into the army and this brought angry replies from the highest levels. Representative of Pennsylvania, Frank Clark, came close to branding Ali as a traitor, â€Å"as unthinkable as surrendering to Adolf Hitler†. Clark was not alone in his feelings on Ali’s stance as the majority of the public were outraged by Ali’s refusal to serve. Ali was finally stripped of his title, as boxing asserted its patriotism and view on the war. The New York Athletic Commission stripped him of his title, declaring his conduct â€Å"detrimental to the best interests of boxing†. Other athletic commissions soon followed and refused to recognise him as the heavyweight champion, relinquishing his boxing license and evidently denying him the right to earn a living. On June 20, 1967, the federal court found Ali guilty of draft evasion, sentencing him to five years imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. It was believed that if Ali had escaped without punishment then many other blacks wanting to be Muslims would follow. As there were a large percentage of blacks fighting in Vietnam this was a real concern for the government. Another Ali critic said â€Å"If any one individual contributed to the contagious disrespect for law and love of country, then it would have to be our disposed [sic] fighting king†. Ali, although heavily outnumbered, did have support from protestors of the war. This is the most fiercely debated topic when accounting for who Ali truly is,  hero or villain. Many people at the time and still today believe Ali was wrong, cowardly and unpatriotic in his refusal to serve in the Vietnam War. Over time though, support has grown for his decision to avoid the draft. Many respect his protest against the war and commitment to his religion. He stood firmly by his decision as he faced imminent incarceration, revocation of his passport, unfavourable press coverage, and hostility from much of the American public. Many also believed, and still do, that he deserved whatever he got. Thousands of others had been conscripted, fought and died for the United States. The same nation that gave Ali opportunity, fame and fortune and Ali was too ungrateful to pay her back. Ali persevered in his pursuit for freedom and his right to earn a living as a boxer. Eventually in 1970, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of Ali and he was given that freedom. He also had his boxing license reinstated as he set out to regain his heavyweight championship. In October 1970, Ali successfully made his come back by defeating Jerry Quarry. His next aim was to defeat the new champion Joe Frazier. Ali got his wish but was eventually beaten over fifteen rounds in a close decision by Frazier. Over the next few years Ali continued to challenge and beat other contenders for the title. Ali reasserted himself as a title contender and beat Frazier in a rematch in 1974. Unfortunately this was not for the world title as Frazier had previously lost it in a devastating loss to a young George Foreman. Ali would go on to fight Foreman in what is arguably Ali’s greatest triumph in the ring. Seven years after his title was taken from him he would recapture it against all odds. Ali used his experience to outwit and outsmart the younger and stronger Foreman. â€Å"The Rumble In The Jungle†, as it is affectionately known completed the comeback for Ali. This fight is glorified in â€Å"Ali†, which added to the feeling that this was Ali’s greatest moment inside the ring. Ali went on boxing for another five years, losing and regaining the title to become the first three-time world heavyweight  champion. Ali retired in 1979 but was to come out of retirement twice in the pursuit of another title reign only to be denied. After he retired Ali became politically active, with involvement in Jimmy Carter’s campaign in 1980. Unfortunately he was diagnosed Parkinson’s syndrome in 1982. The once quick-witted and sharp-tongued Ali is now a shadow of his former self with his speech slurred and muffled, his way of walking slow and unsteady. The public’s perspective of Ali had greatly changed since his objection to the Vietnam War now felt pity. Ali became a victim of the sport that many believed he saved. Ali also successfully negotiated the release of fifteen soldiers being held captive during the Gulf War in 1990. Ali also founded WORLD, the World Organisation for Rights, Liberty and Dignity. Ali has also been involved numerous charities adding to his increasing popularity. Muhammad Ali is undoubtedly a hero in the ring. His efforts for over twenty years are evidence for that. What has been disputed is whether Ali is a hero or villain outside the ring. Through the controversies, bad and good times it can be said that Ali should be considered just as much of a hero outside the ring as he was inside it. Though there was much controversy over Ali’s conversion to Islam and the potentially threatening Black Muslims, Ali never displayed any hatred towards others that wasn’t provoked. He was committed to his religion no matter what obstacle he faced, or the ramifications it would bring. His criticism of the white treatment of blacks inspired many people involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Ali was criticised heavily for many of his actions including this. However as time has passed and the social attitudes and tolerance of America have changed the general perspective of Ali also did. A great deal has changed between the social context of the time during Ali’s fighting career and the modern society. This along with Ali’s attempts to â€Å"avoid controversy† and his eventual illness has lead to a vastly different view of Ali today. Ali is now seen as a heroic figure and remembered mostly for his better moments. Ali always stood up for what he believed in and despite what others thought remained committed and stayed true to himself. Despite what the majority of the American public thought of him Ali also had many supporters and his actions earned their loyalty. The scene in â€Å"Ali† where Ali witnesses a mural in Zaire is symbolic of what he truly meant to people. The mural featured Ali fighting tanks and planes and symbolically fighting against war. Ali gave these people hope and inspired them, as he did to many people especially his own. Whilst many, ridiculed Ali for his decision not to go to Vietnam, it was his decision and he stuck with it. The manner, with which he acted, may not have always been appropriate but Ali was always honest and the public always knew where he stood on issues. His manner also entertained and delighted his audiences and was a major factor in his eventual popularity. Ali was not perfect but will deservedly go down in history as not only an incredible boxer, but as a humanitarian, political activist, witty humourist and an inspiration to millions of people from all over the world.